Sample Four
Directions：
You are going to read a list of headings and a text about employment in Japan. Choose the most suitable heading form the list A-F for each numbered paragraph （41-45）。 The first and last paragraphs of the text are not numbered. There is one extra heading which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. （10 points）
[A] Women and Japanese companies
[B] Why men sometimes resign form Japanese companies
[C] Permanency in employment in Japan
[D] The social aspect of work
[E] The salary structure
[F] The recruitment strategy of foreign firms
Every autumn， when recruitment of new graduates and school leavers begins， major cities in Japan are flooded with students hunting for a job. Wearing suits for the first time， they run from one interview to another. The season is crucial for many students， as their whole lives may be determined during this period.
41
In Japan， lifetime employment is commonly practiced by large companies. While people working in small companies and those working for subcontractors do not in general enjoy the advantages conferred by the large companies， there is a general expectation that employees will in fact remain more or less permanently in the same job.
42
Wages are set according to educational background or initial field of employment， ordinary graduates being employed in administration， engineers in engineering and design departments and so on. Both promotions and wage increases tend to be tied to seniority， though some differences may arise later on as a result of ability and business performance. Wages are paid monthly， and the net sum， after the deduction of tax， is usually paid directly into a bank account. As well as salary， a bonus is usually paid twice a year.
43
Many female graduates complain that they are not given equal training and equal opportunity in comparison to male graduates. Japanese companies generally believe that female employees will eventually leave to get married and have children. It is also true that， as well as the still-existing belief among women themselves that nothing should stand in the way of child-rearing， the extended hours of work often do not allow women to continue their careers after marriage.
44
Disappointed career-minded female graduates often opt to work for foreign firms. Since most male graduates prefer to join Japanese firms with their guaranteed security， foreign firms are often keen to employ female graduates as their potential tends to be greater than that of male applicants.
45
Some men， however， do leave their companies in spite of future prospects， one reason being to take over the family business. The eldest sons in families that own family companies or businesses such as stores are normally expected to take over the business when their parents retire. It is therefore quite common to see a businessman， on succeeding to his parents' business， completely change his professional direction by becoming， for example， a shopkeeper.
On the job， working relationships tend to be very close because of the long hours of work and years of service in common. Social life in fact is frequently based on the workplace. Restaurants and nomiya， “pubs”， are always crowded at night with people enjoying an evening out with their colleagues. Many companies organize trips and sports days for their employees. Senior staff often play the role of mentor. This may mean becoming involved in the lives of junior staff in such things as marriage and the children's education.
Part C
Directions：
Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on ANSWER SHEET 2.（10 points）
The “standard of living” of any country means the average persons share of the goods and services which the country produces. A country's standard of living， therefore， depends first and foremost on its capacity to produce wealth. （46） “Wealth” in this sense is not money， for we do not live on money but on things that money can buy： “goods” such as food and clothing， and “services” such as transport and entertainment.
A country's capacity to produce wealth depends upon many factors， most of which have an effect on one another. Wealth depends to a great extent upon a country's natural resources， such as coal， gold， and other minerals， water supply and so on. （47） Some regions of the world are well supplied with coal and minerals， and have a fertile soil and a favorable climate； other regions possess none of them.
Next to natural resources comes the ability to turn them to use. （48） Some countries are perhaps well off in natural resources， but suffered for many years from civil and external wars， and for this and other reasons have been unable to develop their resources. Sound stable political conditions， and freedom from foreign invasion， enable a country to develop its natural resources peacefully and steadily， and to produce more wealth than another country equally well served by nature but less well ordered. Another important factor is the technical efficiency of a country's people. Industrialized countries that have trained numerous skilled workers and technicians are better placed to produce wealth than countries whose workers are largely unskilled.
（49） A country's standard of living does not only depend upon the wealth that is produced and consumed within its own borders， but also upon what is indirectly produced through international trade. For example， Britain's wealth in foodstuffs and other agricultural products would be much less if she had to depend only on those grown at home. Trade makes it possible for her surplus manufactured goods to be traded abroad for the agricultural products that would otherwise be lacking. （50） A country's wealth is， therefore， much influenced by its manufacturing capacity， provided that other countries can be found ready to accept its manufactures.
Section Ⅲ Writing
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