Text2
What our society suffers from most today is the absence of consensus about what it and life in it ought to be； such consensus cannot be gained from society's present stage， or from fantasies about what it ought to be. For that the present is too close and too diversified， and the future too uncertain， to make believable claims about it. A consensus in the present hence can be achieved only through a shared understanding of the past， as Homer's epics informed those who lived centuries later what it meant to be Greek， and by what images and ideals they were to live their lives and organize their societies.
Most societies derive consensus from a long history， a language all their own， a common religion， common ancestry. The myths by which they live are based on all of these. But the United States is a country of immigrants， coming from a great variety of nations. Lately， it has been emphasized that an asocial， narcissistic personality has become characteristic of Americans， and that it is this type of personality that makes for the lack of well-being， because it prevents us from achieving consensus that would counteract a tendency to withdraw into private worlds. In this study of narcissism， Christopher Lash says that modern man， “tortured by self-consciousness， turns to new therapies not to free himself of his personal worries but to find meaning and purpose in life， to find something to live for”。 There is widespread distress because national morale has declined， and we have lost an earlier sense of national vision and purpose.
Contrary to rigid religions or political beliefs， as are found in totalitarian societies， our culture is one of the great individual differences， at least in principle and in theory； but this leads to disunity， even chaos. Americans believe in the value of diversity， but just because our is a society based on individual diversity， it needs consensus about some dominating ideas more than societies based on uniform origin of their citizens. Hence， if we are to have consensus， it must be based on a myth—a vision about a common experience， a conquest that made us Americans， as the myth about the conquest of Troy formed the Greeks. Only a common myth can offer relief from the fear that life is without meaning or purpose. Myths permit us to examine our place in the world by comparing it to a shared idea. Myths are shared fantasies that form the tie that binds the individual to other members of his group. Such myths help to ward off feelings of isolations， guilt， anxiety， and purposelessness—in short， they combat isolation and the breakdown of social standards and values.
26.In the eyes of the author， the greatest trouble with the US society may lie in
[A] the non-existence of consensus on the forms of the society should take
[B] the lack of divergence over the common organizations of social life
[C] the non-acceptance of a society based on individual diversity
[D] the pervasive distress caused by national morale decline
27.The asocial personality of Americans may stem from
[A] the absence of a common religion and ancestry
[B] the multiracial constituents of the US society
[C] the want of a shared myths they possess in life
[D] the counterbalance to narcissistic personality
28.Homer's epics is mentioned in Paragraph 1 in order to
[A] exemplify the contributions made by ancient poets
[B] illustrate the role of shared fantasies about society
[C] show an ideal stage of eternal social progress
[D] make known myths of what a society ought to be
29.The author concludes that only shared myths can help Americans
[A] to bring about the uniformity of their culture
[B] to regain their consensus about a common experience
[C] to stay away from negative feelings in their life
[D] to counteract the effects of consensus about society
30.It can be inferred from Paragraph 2 that Christopher Lash is most probably
[A] a reform advocate[B] a senior psychologist
[C] a reputed poet[D] a social historian
Text 3
Earthquake survivors trapped in rubble could one day be saved by an unlikely rescuer：a robotic caterpillar that burrows its way through debris. Just a few centimeters wide， the robot relies on magnetic fields to propel it through the kind of tiny crevices that would foil the wheeled or tracked search robots currently used to locate people trapped in collapsed buildings.
The caterpillar's inventor， Norihiko Saga of Akita Prefectural University in Japan， will demonstrate his new method of locomotion at a conference on magnetic materials in Seattle. In addition to lights and cameras， a search caterpillar could be equipped with an array of sensors to measure other factors—such as radioactivity or oxygen levels—that could tell human rescuers if an area is safe to enter.
The magnetic caterpillar is amazingly simple. It moves by a process similar to peristalsis， the rhythmic contraction that moves food down your intestine. Saga made the caterpillar from a series of rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid consisting of iron particles， water， and a detergent-like surfactant， which reduces the surface tension of the fluid. Each capsule is linked to the next by a pair of rubber rods. The caterpillar's guts are wrapped in a clear， flexible polymer tube that protects it from the environment.
To make the caterpillar move forwards， Saga moves a magnetic field backwards along the caterpillar. Inside the caterpillar's “head” capsule， magnetic fluid surges towards the attractive magnetic field， causing the capsule to bulge out to the sides and draw its front and rear portions up. As the magnetic field passes to the next capsule， the first breaks free and springs forward and the next capsule bunches up. In this way， the caterpillar can reach speeds of 4 centimeters per second as it crawls along.
Moving the magnetic field faster can make it traverse the caterpillar before all the capsules have sprung back to their original shapes. The segments then all spring back， almost but not quite simultaneously.
Saga plans to automate the movement of the caterpillar by placing electromagnets at regular intervals along the inside of its polymer tube. By phasing the current flow to the electromagnets， he'll be able to control it wirelessly via remote control. He also needs to find a new type of rubber for the magnetic capsules， because the one he's using at the minute eventually begins to leak.
But crawling is not the most efficient form of locomotion for robots， says Robert Full of the University of California at Berkeley， an expert in animal motion who occasionally advises robotics designers. “If you look at the energetic cost of crawling， compared to walking， swimming or flying， crawling is very expensive，” he says. Walking， on the other every step， energy is conserved in the foot and then released to help the foot spring up.
Saga acknowledges this inefficiency but says his caterpillar is far more stable than one that walks， rolls on wheels or flies. It has no moving parts save for a few fluid-filled rubber capsules. Biped robots and wheeled robots require a smooth surface and are difficult to miniaturize， and flying robots have too many moving parts. “My peristaltic crawling robot is simple—and it works，” he says.
31. From this passage， we can learn that
[A] A robotic caterpillar can crawl by a pair of rubber rods
[B] When a caterpillar moves， the magnetic field moves backwards along it
[C] The environment couldn't influence a robotic caterpillar's guts， which are wrapped in a capsule
[D] Crawling is very stable and efficient， and when it moves， only a few elements are needed
32. According to this passage， which is not TRUE about the construction of the robotic caterpillar？
[A] A robotic caterpillar is made from a series of rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid.
[B] Iron particles， water， and a detergent-like surfactant form a magnetic fluid.
[C] Each capsule filled with a magnetic fluid is linked to a pair of rubber rods.
[D] In order to keep stable condition， the caterpillar's guts are wrapped in a clear， flexible polymer tube.
33. The meaning of the word “peristalsis” in paragraph three is similar to.
[A] swimming [B] flying [C] crawling [D] walking
34. Comparing the robotic caterpillar and the other robots， which of the following is not true？
[A] A smooth surface is indispensable to biped robots and wheeled robots.
[B] Flying robots are very inconvenient when moving， because they have too many moving parts.
[C] The robotic caterpillar only has rubber capsules filled with a magnetic fluid.
[D] It's incapable for wheeled robots to locate trapped people because they are impossible to miniaturize.
35. The passage is mainly about
[A] why a robotic caterpillar can find trapped people
[B] how a robotic caterpillar work
[C] the instruction of the magnetic caterpillar
[D] how a robotic caterpillar peristalsis
Text 4
When a disease of epidemic proportions rips into the populace， scientists immediately get to work， trying to locate the source of the affliction and find ways to combat it. Oftentimes， success is achieved， as medical science is able to isolate the parasite， germ or cell that causes the problem and finds ways to effectively kill or contain it. In the most serious of cases， in which the entire population of a region or country may be at grave risk， it is deemed necessary to protect the entire population through vaccination， so as to safeguard lives and ensure that the disease will not spread.
The process of vaccination allows the patient's body to develop immunity to the virus or disease so that， if it is encountered， one can ward it off naturally. To accomplish this， a small weak or dead strain of the disease is actually injected into the patient in a controlled environment， so that his body's immune system can learn to fight the invader properly. Information on how to penetrate the disease's defenses is transmitted to all elements of the patient's immune system in a process that occurs naturally， in which genetic information is passed from cell to cell. This makes sure that， should the patient later come into contact with the real problem， his body is well equipped and trained to deal with it， having already done so before.
There are dangers inherent in the process， however. On occasion， even the weakened version of the disease contained in the vaccine proves too much for the body to handle， resulting in the immune system succumbing， and， therefore， the patient's death. Such is the case of the smallpox vaccine， designed to eradicate the smallpox epidemic that nearly wiped out the entire Native American population and killed massive numbers of settlers. Approximately 1 in 10，000 people who receives the vaccine contract the smallpox disease from the vaccine itself and dies from it. Thus， if the entire population of the United States were to receive the Smallpox Vaccine today， 3000 Americans would be left dead.
Fortunately， the smallpox virus was considered eradicated in the early 1970s， ending the mandatory vaccination of all babies in America. In the event of a re-introduction of the disease， however， mandatory vaccinations may resume， resulting in more unexpected deaths from vaccination. The process， which is truly a mixed blessing， may indeed hide some hidden curses.
36.The best title for the text may be
[A] “Vaccinations： A Blessing or A Curse”
[B] “Principles of Vaccinations”
[C] “Vaccines： Methods and Implications”
[D] “A Miracle Cure Under Attack”
37.What does the example of the Smallpox Vaccine illustrate？
[A] The possible negative outcome of administering vaccines.
[B] The practical use of a vaccine to control an epidemic disease.
[C] The effectiveness of vaccines in eradicating certain disease.
[D] The method by which vaccines are employed against the disease.
38.The phrase “ward it off naturally” （Paragraph 2） most probably means
[A] dispose of it naturally [B] fight it off with ease
[C] see to it reluctantly [D] split it up properly
39.Which of the following is true according to the text？
[A] Saving the majority would necessarily justify the death of the minority.
[B] The immune system can be trained to fight weaker versions of a disease.
[C] Mandatory vaccinations are indispensable to the survival of the populace.
[D] The process of vaccination remains a mystery to be further resolved.
40.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is
[A] to comment and criticize [B] to demonstrate and argue
[C] to interest and entertain[D] to explain and inform
Part B
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